Neuro and spine surgery addresses a wide variety of neurological and spinal conditions. Some of the most commonly treated diseases include:

1. Brain disorders:
- Benign as well as malignant conditions influence brain function.
- Hydrocephalus – Overproduction and accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
- Aneurysm – Ballooning out of the blood vessels, which causes bleeding in life-threatening circumstances.
- Epilepsy: A neuro condition with symptoms including recurring seizures.

2. Spine disorders:
- Degenerative disc disease is a condition wherein the intervertebral disc deteriorates progressively or with age.
- Herniated disc: This condition is caused by a spinal disc that protrudes out from the normal space. This might cause compression of the nerve, and, as a result, it could lead to pain, numbness, and even weakness. In this particular condition, a discectomy, which is the removal of the bulging part, is performed.
- Spinal stenosis: In this disorder, the spinal canal becomes narrowed, which might lead to the compression of either the spinal cord or the nerves thereby causing pain or other neurological symptoms. The surgical intervention in this case would essentially be laminectomy or foraminotomy to relieve symptomatology.
- Scoliosis and other spinal deformities: Scoliosis or kyphosis are the abnormal curvatures of the spine that can be surgically corrected by spinal fusion or instrumentation to realign and stabilise the spine.
- Spinal fractures and injuries: Trauma to the spine resulting from accidents, falls, or impacts can cause spinal fractures. In severe fractures, surgery is required to stabilise the spine and prevent further spinal injury.
- Spinal tumours: Tumours of the vertebrae, spinal cord, or nerves in the spine might be benign or malignant and might require surgery to remove the tumorous growth and stabilise the spine.

3. Peripheral nerve disorders:
- Peripheral neuropathy: This is caused by damage to the peripheral nerves, causing weakness, numbness, or pain.
- Carpal tunnel syndrome: This is caused by an increased pressure on the median nerve in the wrist, causing numbness and pain.

3. Trauma-related injuries:
- Traumatic brain injury: Traumatic injuries to the brain can occur by blow or jolt to the head, impacting the brain function.
- Spinal cord injuries: This can be a result of accidents or falls leading to varying ranges of paralysis or loss of function.